Spirit Houses in Southeast Asia: What Are They All About?
I’m sitting in a café atop Rind Hill — a forested hill, park and viewpoint on the east coast of Thailand’s largest island, Phuket. My outlook through the treetop canopy is of the coastal plains and ocean below. Seeing movement out of the corner of my eye, I look up. A monkey (macaque) has jumped up onto the spirit house positioned at the entrance path leading to the café. Ignoring the banana, fried rice and other food offerings, it instead picks up a small bottle of red soda pop, deftly unscrews the top and drinks down the contents.
So began my fascination with spirit houses. What is their relevance? Why the food offering? Who looks after them? Here are my learnings so far:
Spirit houses are not unique to Thailand and can be found in other Southeast Asian countries like Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar. Spirit houses can also be found in Bali, Malaysia and the Philippines in forms that are a little different to the architectural design of those in the predominantly Buddhist countries of the region.
Spirit houses with bottles of red soda outside a Hua Hin guest house. Image: © Michael Cullen
No matter where I’ve travelled in Thailand, they are ever-present. Typically colourful and ornate, spirit houses are strategically positioned outside homes, businesses, schools and even in the rice farm fields. They often resemble small temples or miniatures of a traditional Thai teak house. They can be simple or grand and elaborate, and almost always mounted on a pedestal of some sort.
Spirit house rules
Placement on a site is essential, and architects have been known to vary their design to ensure the most favourable positioning of a spirit house within a new development. Other rules suggest that it should ideally be in front of a tree; not be where the building’s shadow will fall on it; not face a toilet or a road; and not be on the left side of a door.
Although 95 percent of Thailand’s population identify as Buddhist, Thai people actively engage in daily spirit house rituals, inherited from ancient animistic and folk religions. Regular offerings of coconut, fried rice, fruit, flower garlands and colourful drinks like the red or orange soda pop mentioned above, are made to the spirits, along with the burning of incense.
The goal of all this activity? To provide appealing shelter for the spirits (souls) who reside on the land where the dwelling or business is built. Each day, prayers, wishes, and honourable requests are made to the spirits by those who tend the spirit house. Appeasing these spirits and keeping on their right side is said to facilitate happiness, prosperity, good fortune, and such blessings. It may even ward off natural disasters like flooding and storms. The converse can be said to befall people who do not abide by such practices.
Spirit houses outside a new resort development at Khao Tao, Thailand. Image: © Michael Cullen
Before a building commences, permissions need to be granted by the spirits. This typically involves solemn ceremony and sacred rituals performed by local Buddhist monks or Brahman priests. Invitees to such formalities include family, friends, and neighbours, along with Invisibles, including angels, house gods, and nagas. Even the date of this type of event is calculated using the astrological charts of the land or building owner.
Spirit houses are often decorated with animal figurines, statues of dancing ladies, and importantly, a gilded angel carrying a sword and a money-bag, signifying the ‘spirit of the land’ Phra Phum. Colourful strips of cloth and ribbon can also be tied around the pedestal that supports the spirit house.
Spirit houses can also be positioned at dangerous curves in a road or crest of a steep hill -- places of frequent accidents. We found an example of this on Phuket island. A road connecting Phuket Town on the east to Patong Beach on the west coast. Day or night, locals driving past hoot their horn three times to acknowledge the spirits and thank them for their protection.
Spirit house graveyards
As spirit houses must be well-maintained, there comes a time when they need to be replaced. Old spirit houses cannot merely be dumped. Again, with the help of a monk or priest, resident spirits are coaxed into a new home, suitably blessed and correctly placed. The old one is then laid to rest in a communal spirit house ‘burial ground’ — a location known to be rich in spirit activity.
A spirit house graveyard alongside a road near Hua Hin in Thailand. Image: © Michael Cullen
When recently visiting Ko Samui, we discovered a road known to locals as Ghost Road. It is a somewhat eerie sight to drive along this road, a back way to the airport, and see hundreds of dumped spirit houses.
Next time you’re visiting Thailand, do take the time to study the spirit houses you come across. They are indeed everywhere once you start looking. Remember to show respect for the site, and the spirits though — causing offence or unsettling the balance may not be useful for your travels.
Header image: © Michael Cullen
